History of Commercial Feeds
Compound feeds are feedstuffs that are blended from various raw materials and additives. These blends are formulated according to the specific requirements of the target animal. They are manufactured by feed compounders as meal type, pellets or crumbles.
Compound feeds can be complete feeds that provide all the daily required nutrients, concentrates that provide a part of the ration (protein, energy) or supplements that only provide additional micro-nutrients such as minerals and vitamins.
According to the American Feed Industry Association, as much as $20 billion worth of feed ingredients are purchased each year. These products range from grain mixes to orange rinds to beet pulps. The feed industry is one of the most competitive businesses in the agricultural sector and is by far the largest purchaser of U.S. corn, feed grains, and soybean meal. Tens of thousands of farmers with feed mills on their own farms are able to compete with huge conglomerates with national distribution. Feed crops generated $23.2 billion in cash receipts on U.S. farms in 2001. At the same time, farmers spent a total of $24.5 billion on feed that year. Around 600 million tons of feed are produced annually around the world.
History of Commercial Feeds
The beginning of industrial scale production of animal feeds can be traced back to the late 1800s, this is around the time that advance in human and animal nutrition was able to identify the benefits of a balanced diet, and the importance that role that the processing of certain raw materials played in this. Corn gluten feed was first manufactured in 1882, while leading world feed producer Purina feeds was established in 1894 by William H. Danforth. Cargill which was mainly dealing in grains from its beginnings in 1865, started to deal in feed at about 1884.
The feed industry expanded rapidly in the first quarter of the 1900s with "Purina" expanding its operations into Canada, and opened its first feed mill in 1927 (Which is still in operation).
In 1928 the feed industry was revolutionized by the introduction of the first pelleted feeds - Purina Checkers.
History of the feed industry in the UK
Port Mills
In the UK from 1910-1960 the bulk of feed manufacturing was being done near main deep sea ports; where cheap cereals and maize was being imported from the USA, where proximity to flour mills was close (wheatfeed, a residue from flour milling was and still is used as a feed ingredient), and the close proximity to oilseed crushing plants (which also relied on imported ingredients - vegetable oil seeds), where the by-product of oilseed crushing, oil cake, was used for its protein and energy in animal feed rations. These feed mills were huge businesses with very large output and employed in excess of 1,000 employees. From the ports the main form of distribution was via rail, dropped of at wayside or branch stations for collection by the local merchants.
Country mill
1960 - 1985 is known as the era of the country mill. After the Second World War, government stressed on the importance of britain becoming self sufficient and this policy resulted in the demise of the port mills, with them being replaced by the country mill. By the late 1950s the large port mills with their huge labor force were becoming uneconomic to run, with aging equipment and expensive transportation costs. In addition to this home grown cereals were becoming much more readily available, with country based manufacturers being located in the close vicinity to the farmer customers, the first feed mills in the country were establish in the late 1960s. Around the start of the 1970s 16 country mills had been built replace all but 2 of the 23 port mills that had been in operation.
By the late 1970s the feed industry in Britain was probably enjoying its best period, with the increasingly affluent population able to eat more meat, milk and eggs, feed was in high demand. By the mid 1980s however, oversupply had become evident, especially in the dairy industry. With the imposition of milk production quotas in 1985, the feed industry was hit very hard with the virtual removal of 1 million tones of dairy feed overnight. This resulted in the closure and amalgamation of a number of mills. Since then mills have continue to optimize operations to the extent that the configuration of mills today reflects well with the current demand patterns for feed.
Feed Ingredients
The main ingredients used in commercially prepared feed are the feed grains, which include corn, soybeans, sorghum, oats, and barley. Corn production was valued at nearly $25 billion in 2003, while soybean production was valued at $17.5 billion. Roughly 66 percent of sorghum production, which was valued at $965 million in 2003, is used as livestock feed. Approximately 60 percent of barley production, which totaled 227 million bushels (4,610,000 metric tons) and was valued at $765 million in 2003, is used as livestock feed. Annual oat production in 2003 was valued at $218 million.
The sale and manufacture of premixes is an industry within an industry. Pre-mixes are comprised of micro-ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, fermentation products, and other essential ingredients that are purchased from pre-mix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, a farmer who uses his own grain can formulate his own rations and be assured that his animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins.
Compound feeds can be complete feeds that provide all the daily required nutrients, concentrates that provide a part of the ration (protein, energy) or supplements that only provide additional micro-nutrients such as minerals and vitamins.
According to the American Feed Industry Association, as much as $20 billion worth of feed ingredients are purchased each year. These products range from grain mixes to orange rinds to beet pulps. The feed industry is one of the most competitive businesses in the agricultural sector and is by far the largest purchaser of U.S. corn, feed grains, and soybean meal. Tens of thousands of farmers with feed mills on their own farms are able to compete with huge conglomerates with national distribution. Feed crops generated $23.2 billion in cash receipts on U.S. farms in 2001. At the same time, farmers spent a total of $24.5 billion on feed that year. Around 600 million tons of feed are produced annually around the world.
History of Commercial Feeds
The beginning of industrial scale production of animal feeds can be traced back to the late 1800s, this is around the time that advance in human and animal nutrition was able to identify the benefits of a balanced diet, and the importance that role that the processing of certain raw materials played in this. Corn gluten feed was first manufactured in 1882, while leading world feed producer Purina feeds was established in 1894 by William H. Danforth. Cargill which was mainly dealing in grains from its beginnings in 1865, started to deal in feed at about 1884.
The feed industry expanded rapidly in the first quarter of the 1900s with "Purina" expanding its operations into Canada, and opened its first feed mill in 1927 (Which is still in operation).
In 1928 the feed industry was revolutionized by the introduction of the first pelleted feeds - Purina Checkers.
History of the feed industry in the UK
Port Mills
In the UK from 1910-1960 the bulk of feed manufacturing was being done near main deep sea ports; where cheap cereals and maize was being imported from the USA, where proximity to flour mills was close (wheatfeed, a residue from flour milling was and still is used as a feed ingredient), and the close proximity to oilseed crushing plants (which also relied on imported ingredients - vegetable oil seeds), where the by-product of oilseed crushing, oil cake, was used for its protein and energy in animal feed rations. These feed mills were huge businesses with very large output and employed in excess of 1,000 employees. From the ports the main form of distribution was via rail, dropped of at wayside or branch stations for collection by the local merchants.
Country mill
1960 - 1985 is known as the era of the country mill. After the Second World War, government stressed on the importance of britain becoming self sufficient and this policy resulted in the demise of the port mills, with them being replaced by the country mill. By the late 1950s the large port mills with their huge labor force were becoming uneconomic to run, with aging equipment and expensive transportation costs. In addition to this home grown cereals were becoming much more readily available, with country based manufacturers being located in the close vicinity to the farmer customers, the first feed mills in the country were establish in the late 1960s. Around the start of the 1970s 16 country mills had been built replace all but 2 of the 23 port mills that had been in operation.
By the late 1970s the feed industry in Britain was probably enjoying its best period, with the increasingly affluent population able to eat more meat, milk and eggs, feed was in high demand. By the mid 1980s however, oversupply had become evident, especially in the dairy industry. With the imposition of milk production quotas in 1985, the feed industry was hit very hard with the virtual removal of 1 million tones of dairy feed overnight. This resulted in the closure and amalgamation of a number of mills. Since then mills have continue to optimize operations to the extent that the configuration of mills today reflects well with the current demand patterns for feed.
Feed Ingredients
The main ingredients used in commercially prepared feed are the feed grains, which include corn, soybeans, sorghum, oats, and barley. Corn production was valued at nearly $25 billion in 2003, while soybean production was valued at $17.5 billion. Roughly 66 percent of sorghum production, which was valued at $965 million in 2003, is used as livestock feed. Approximately 60 percent of barley production, which totaled 227 million bushels (4,610,000 metric tons) and was valued at $765 million in 2003, is used as livestock feed. Annual oat production in 2003 was valued at $218 million.
The sale and manufacture of premixes is an industry within an industry. Pre-mixes are comprised of micro-ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, fermentation products, and other essential ingredients that are purchased from pre-mix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, a farmer who uses his own grain can formulate his own rations and be assured that his animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins.
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