Influence of Amino Acids Ratios on Growth Performance in 10 kilogram Pigs
Chaipirk hongladdapon
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of methionine to lysine ratio on growth performance of 10 kg kilogram pigs. The experiment treatment diets containing four different methionine to lysine ratios (27:100, 33:100 and 45:100). Average daily weight gain was highest in pigs fed 39:100 showed significant (P<0.01) were 265 g/h/d greater than 33:100, 27:100 and 45:100 were 248, 233 and 212 g/h/d respectively. Similarly, feed conversion ratio were 1.70, 1.82, 1.93 and 2.13 respectively. Furthermore, pigs fed 39:100 showed higher protein efficiency ratio than pigs fed 33:100, 27:100 and 45:100 (P<0.01) were 2.95, 2.76, 2.59 and 2.35 respectively. Body weight loss of pigs fed protein free diet were 129 g/h/d. Net protein ratio showed highly significant (P<0.01) were 4.38, 4.19, 4.02 and 3.79 respectively. In conclusion, methionine to lysine ratio as 39:100 was best recommended for requirement of 10 kilogram pigs.
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Thursday, March 6, 2008
Influence of Methionine to Lysine on Growth Performance in 10 kilogram Pigs
Saturday, February 23, 2008
Effects of using Fermentated Casava Meal with Amylomyces rouxii Suplementation in Diets on Production Performance of Broiler
Effects of using Fermentated Casava Meal with Amylomyces rouxii Suplementation in Diets on Production Performance of Broiler
Kunlayanee wuttisri1, Permsak Siriwan1 and Bouream maneewan1
ABSTRACT
A study on effects of fermentated casava meal with Amylomyces rouxii supplementation in broilers diets was assigned using a completely random design (CRD).The experiment composed of 5 treatments with 4 replication each. Ten chicks of both sexes at birth were allocated in each replication on the total of 200 chicks. Diet in control treatment contained 0% of fermented cassava meal (FCM),diet in treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 composed of 5, 10, 15 and 20% FCM. The results showed that increasing levels of fermented cassava meal (FCM) significantly reduced (P < 0.05) performance of broilers during 4 - 6 weeks of age as compared to the control group. During 0-3 weeks of age,production performances of broiler among treatments were not significantly different. Levels of FCM in this study can be used to supplement in broiler diets 0 - 3 weeks of age with no effect on the performance. However, the optimum levels of FCM in broilers diets should be 10%.
Key words: Fermentated Casava Meal (FCM), Amylomyces rouxii
1 Department of Animal Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Chiangmai 50290
Tuesday, February 12, 2008
Agro-industrial by-products as roughage source for beef cattle
Agro-industrial by-products as roughage source for beef cattle: Chemical composition, nutrient digestibility and energy values of ensiled sweet corn cob and husk with different levels of Ipil – Ipil leaves.
Sompong Sruamsiri*, Pirote Silman, and Warunee Srinuch
Department of Animal Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Production,
Maejo University, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
Available online at www.mijst.mju.ac.th
Abstract: This experiment was carried out to determine the nutritive value of agro-industrial by-products and nutrient digestibility of ensiled sweet corn cob and husk with different levels of Ipil - Ipil leaves (Leucaena leucocephala). Four native cattle were assigned by Latin Square Design to receive all dietary treatments in four experimental periods, i.e. ensiled sweet corn cob and husk (ESCH), ensiled sweet corn cob and husk + 10 % Ipil - Ipil leaves (ESCH + 10% IL), ensiled sweet corn cob and husk + 20% Ipil - Ipil leaves (ESCH + 20% IL) and ensiled sweet corn cob and husk + 30% Ipil - Ipil leaves(ESCH + 30% IL), respectively. Total collection method was used to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results showed that digestibility coefficients of ESCH were low(P>0.05) in all the nutrients. Supplementation of Ipil - Ipil leaves in ESCH increased digestibility coefficients. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy were higher in the silages supplemented with Ipil - Ipil leaves. Average TDN contents of ESCH, ESCH + 10% IL, 20% IL and 30% IL were 62.78 + 6.14, 70.41 + 4.04, 72.73 + 2.78 and 63.07 + 4.06 %DM, respectively.
Keywords: apparent digestibility, energy value, agro-industrial by-products, sweet corn cob and husk, silages, Ipil - Ipil leaves
Introduction
In dry season, the main problem of ruminant production in Thailand is nutrition, especially the quality and quantity of roughage which force farmers to use other resources as feed. Crop residues especially rice straw are commonly used as main sources of roughage for cattle even though the nutritive value is low. When cattle are fed with rice straw or low quality roughage, supplemented feed containing protein or other energy source is required to improve both roughage utilization and growth performance.
At present, agro-industrial by-products from canning factory such as pineapple waste, passion fruit peel, baby corn waste and sweet corn cob and husk are commonly used as feed resources, especially as roughage. However, these by-products are high in moisture content and soluble carbohydrates, so they decay very quickly. Therefore, the ensiling of these by-products is a suitable method of preservation
even though the acidity of the cannary waste silage is usually high. Silage additives should be used for improving silage quality [1,2]. Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil-Ipil) is the most popular legume species in cattle feeding. Because their protein content is high, fresh or dried leaves are usually used as protein supplement. For preserving them ensiling process is also a good method [3]. In order to find out the appropriate methods of using agro-industrial by-products as new feed resources and how to preserve them throughout the dry season, analytical work to develop the database on chemical composition, nutritive value and nutrient digestibility was conducted. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the nutritive value of agro-industrial by-products which farmers usually use as roughage for cattle, as well as to determine the apparent digestibility and energy value of ensiled sweet corn cob and husk with different levels of Ipil - Ipil leaves.
Materials and Methods
1.Chemical composition
Agro-industrial by-products such as pineapple waste, passion fruit peel, baby corn waste and steamed cob and husk of sweet corn, which are by-products from canning factories in Chiang Mai were collected and sampled for analysis. To obtain a sufficient and uniform sample, each agro- industrial by-product was repeatedly sampled from several transport trucks and mixed thoroughly.
Samples were then randomly taken for analysis of dry matter (DM), crude protein(CP), crude fiber(CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P)and gross energy(GE) according to the methods described in AOAC [4]. The analysis of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were done according to Detergent method [5].
2. Digestibility study
For digestibility study, sweet corn cob and husk (SCH) collected from a canning factory was ensiled with different levels of Ipil - Ipil leaves and used as experimental diets. Ipil - Ipil leaves were prepared by chopping the whole branch whose diameter was not bigger than 1.5 cm before mixing. They were packed without additives in double layer polyethylene bags (25 x 30 inches) with vacuum suction. Each bag contained 20 kg. of silage and was stored for 21 days prior to use. Four native beef
cattle at two years of age with an average body weight 174 + 13.5 kg. were randomly allocated to one of the four dietary treatments according to Latin Square Design. The treatments were (1) ensiled sweet corn cob and husk (ESCH), (2) ensiled sweet corn cob and husk and Ipil - Ipil leaves at 90:10 (ESCH + 10%IL), (3) ensiled sweet corn cob and husk and Ipil - Ipil leaves at 80:20 (ESCH + 20%IL), and(4) ensiled sweet corn cob and husk and Ipil - Ipil leaves at 70:30 (ESCH + 30%IL) (Figure 1). The silages were fed as single feed twice daily at least 1.5% of the body weight (DM basis). Total collection method was assigned for the determination of apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients.
Each digestibility period lasted 21 days while preliminary period took place in the first 14 days and collection period was in the last 7 days. Silage intake was recorded daily through the entire experiment. Silage DM intake was calculated on DM basis. Feces and leftover feed were collected and used for the calculation of nutrient digestibility. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) were calculated using the equation : TDN = digestible CP + digestible CF + digestible NFE + digestible EE ื 2.25 [6]. Gross energy of feed and feces were determined using adiabatic bomb calorimeter (IKA calorimeter system C 5000). Digestibility was then calculated. The data were analyzed according to 4 x 4 Latin Square
Design [7].
Results and Discussion
Chemical composition of agro-industrial by-products
The dry matter contents of pineapple waste and pineapple silage (ensiled pineapple waste) were lower than those of baby corn husk, passion fruit peel, ensiled pineapple waste with rice straw and ensiled passion fruit. The average CP contents of agro-industrial by-products from the canning factories showed that all of these by-products were not the good roughage sources and should not be used as the main roughage for ruminants because of their low contents in CP and DM.
However, baby corn husk was the highest in CP content (9.88% in DM) but the lowest in NDF and ADF contents (54.44 and 22.38% in DM), when compared to other by-products. The physical characteristics of ensiled pineapple wastes with or without rice straw were in good condition even though their DM content was lower than the optimal range of good ensiling products. These might be due to the high NFE contents in pineapple waste especially fructose which are converted to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria. Moreover, the supplement of rice straw increased DM content of the silage butdecreased CP content. The physical characteristic of rice straw was better after the ensiling process. It had a lactic acid odor with light yellow color and the structure was softer.
The chemical compositions of SCH and ESCH without or with different levels of Ipil - Ipil leaves on DM basis. The data from the chemical compositions showed that SCH and ESCH could be used as roughage sources for ruminants even though their CP contents were lower than 8 % and the DM contents were lower than 20%. Furthermore, increasing Ipil - Ipil leaves in the silage tended to increase DM and CP contents, but the average percentages of organic matter (OM),
CF, NDF and ADF tended to decrease with increasing Ipil - Ipil leaves in the silage. The positive effect of the silage with Ipil - Ipil leaves was due to the nutritive value of this legume, which was high in protein, DM and GE contents [8-9]. Although ESCH and ESCH + IL were good-quality silages,ESCH+ 30% IL had a high pH (4.32). The high pH of this treatment might be due to the buffering capacity of IL which is a leguminous plant. Therefore, the recommended Ipil – Ipil levels ensiling with
ESCH is at 10 – 20 %.
Apparent digestibility of nutrients
The digestibility of ESCH with or without Ipil - Ipil leaves. It was shown that cattle fed with ESCH+ IL consumed slightly higher dry matter content than the ESCH-fed group (2.69, 2.89,3.01 and 3.05 kg/h/d which are equal to 1.58, 1.64, 1.72 and 1.74% BW, respectively). This might be due to the supplement of Ipil – Ipil leaves in the silages, which provided more nutrients, especially nitrogen for microbial growth and activities. The result from this experiment agreed with that of Oldham [10], who found that dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility of the diet increased with increasing crude protein contents. Therefore, the digestibility of nutrients in cattle fed with ESCH + IL were higher than the ESCH group. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM and CP were significantly different among treatments (P<0.05).>0.05).
The apparent digestibility of NFE and NDF followed the same pattern as DM digestibility and was significantly different (P<0.05)>
Wednesday, February 6, 2008
An Automatic System for Calculation Pet Food Formular
We purpose an automatic system for calculation pet food formulas. The system is developed for the convenience of calculating a kinds of pet food formula, especially dog food. Several pet food formulas are used due to unlike demand for various nutrients in different breed and age of the animals.
Moreover, other factors namely, the seasons, the price of the ingredients used in producing an accurate and reliable formula, are taken into account. The system calculates the formulas those have a complete nutrients and low cost in production. And the system also collects the information about ingredients, the price of the ingredients, nutrients facts in the database which can be modified and
updated.
Application of Mathematical Models to Individually Allocate Feed of Group-fed Cattle
A data set of group-fed growing and finishing steers with individual feed access was used to evaluate predictions of required individual DM by 2 mathematical models (Cornell Value Discovery System, CVDS; and beef NRC) to allocate feed of group-fed, commingled cattle. Forty-eight crossbred steers (BW = 296 kg) were assigned to 1 of 6 pens and fed 1 of 4 growing diets formulated to have different energy concentrations for restricted or ad libitum intake regimen for 56 d. The diets were a low-starch diet fed ad libitum, a high-starch diet fed ad libitum, a high-starch with restricted intake, and an intermediate diet fed ad libitum with an average energy intake between ad libitum low-starch and ad libitum high starch diets. On d 57, all steers (BW = 401 kg) were placed on the ad libitum high-starch diet for finishing until d 140. The CVDS was able to account for 61% of the variation in the observed DMI (oDMI) of steers during the growing period, and for 71% of the variation in oDMI during finishing, with an average overprediction of 3.76%. In the same fashion, the NRC model was able to explain 59% of the variation in oDMI after adjustment for known perfonnance during the growing period with no bias (P > 0.10), and 57% of the variation in oDMI during the finishing period, with an average underprediction of 4.40%. Our overall evaluation suggested that the CVDS was more precise and accurate than the NRC model when predicting DMI for individual animals. Both models were sensitive to the previous level of nutrition of the cattle, suggesting that more variables are necessary to increase the prediction precision for cattle growing systems. The results from a risk analysis suggested that an amount of approximately$17.00/animal may be either over- or under-charged in the billing process of a commercial feedlot growing and finishing periods. Therefore, mathematical models could assist commercial feedlots to improve the accuracy of the billing process while maintaining the same income per pen.
Key words: cattle, growth, modeling, requirements, simulation, prediction
INTRODUCTION
Sorting systems have been developed to predict carcass composition of cattle to allow marketing of the feedlot animals at the optimum end point (Perry and Fox, 1997; Brethour, 2000). These systems strive to sort cattle into homogeneous groups for maximization of productivity, enhanced uniformity, and increased economic returns (Tedeschi et al., 2004). In the current beef marketing system, the reduction of nonconforming carcasses can improve the value of a group of cattle dramatically (Bruns and Pritchard, 2005).
Full utilization of these sorting systems in custom feedyards would require commingling of cattle owned by multiple customers, disrupting the billing process. Support systems that can predict individual feed requirements for an observed level of performance might be useful in assigning feed costs to animals of different ownership. Fox and Black (1977a,b,c) devised equations to predict performance and body composition of growing cattle. These equations have been modified to develop the Cornell Value Discovery System (CVDS; Tedeschi et al., 2004), and have been proposed as a support tool for feed allocation (Guiroy et al., 2001). The CVDS has been used to accurately allocate DMI among individual animals fed in pens (Tedeschi et al., 2006) and for genetic selection purposes (Williams et al., 2006).
The NRC (2000) included a computer model that uses information of cattle type, ration components, and environment to predict animal performance (Whetsell et al., 2006). The NRC (2000) model is well accepted and widely distributed and can be used to predict individual intake of cattle when performance level is known. However, the capacity of the NRC (2000) model for the purpose of feed allocation has not been extensively evaluated.
Because nutritional models rely on estimates of energy and nutrient requirements to calculate feed requirements, growing cattle programs that alter growth rate or body composition may influence the results of the applicability of models in practical conditions. To date, model applications have focused on feedlot production without regard to prior plane of nutrition.
The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the adequacy of CVDS and NRC (2000) models in predicting individual feed requirements of growing and finishing feedlot cattle; (2) to evaluate model application when growing diets are dissimilar; and (3) to determine the efficacy of model application to the billing process for commingled cattle fed in the same pen.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Data
A data set including performance (ADG), DMI, and carcass data from steers (n = 48) fed in individual feeders (American Calan, Northwood, NH) was obtained from an experiment conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Experiment Station in Bushland, TX (Vasconcelos, 2006). Care, handling, and management of steers were approved by the Cooperative Research, Education, and Extension Triangle Animal Care and Use Committee (Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA-ARS, and West Texas A&M University). Briefly, steers (296.0 ± 16.7 kg of BW) were implanted with Synovex-S (20 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of progesterone; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) and individually fed 4 different growing diets for 56 d: a low-starch diet fed ad libitum (ALLS); a high-starch diet fed ad libitum (AL-HS); the same high-starch diet as AL-HS limit-fed to approximate the caloric intake of AL-LS (LF-HS); and a diet fed ad libitum with approximately the midpoint daily energy content between AL-LS and AL-HS (AL-IS). On d 57, all steers (400.6 ± 31.9 kg of BW) were placed on AL-HS diet for an 84 d finishing period.
by Vasconcelos, J T, Tedeschi, L O, Sawyer, J E, Greene, L W
Refer: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4035/is_200708/ai_n19511549
Effects of Supplement Type and Feeding Frequency on Performance and Physiological Responses of Yearling Brahman-Crossbred Steers
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of supplement type and feeding frequency on performance of yearling steers. Twenty-four steers were stratified by initial BW and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) molasses-based supplement fed 3 times/wk (ML), 2) citrus pulp-based supplement fed 3 times/wk (C3), or 3) citrus pulp-based supplement fed daily (C7). Supplement intakes were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Limpograss hay was offered in amounts to ensure ad libitum intake. Steer shrunk BW was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma metabolites and hormones. Forage DMI was recorded daily during an 18-d period. Mean BW gain was greater
Key words: feeding frequency, performance, steers, supplement type
INTRODUCTION
Energy supplementation is essential for grazing beef cattle operations based on pastures of subtropical and tropical forages because these perennial grasses usually do not have adequate energy concentration to meet the requirements of growing cattle (Moore et al., 1991). The frequency at which supplements are offered depends on the supplement type and also on the management system of the operation. According to a review compiled by Kunkle et al. (1999), cattle supplemented daily, 3 times/wk, or once a week had similar rates of BW gain. However, the majority of these publications utilized protein or grain-based supplements, and none evaluated energy supplements based on low starch by-products such as molasses or citrus pulp.
Citrus pulp and molasses originate respectively from citrus and sugarcane industries. Molasses, despite its high DM content (approximately 75%), is classified as a liquid feed, whereas citrus pulp is commonly processed and fed as dry pellets. Differences in physical form between citrus pulp and molasses may lead to differences in intake behavior (Arthington et al., 2004). Molasses and citrus pulp also differ in their carbohydrate profile. Although both are low-starch energy feedstuffs, sucrose is the main carbohydrate of molasses (Pate, 1983), whereas pectin is the main carbohydrate of citrus pulp (Arthington et al., 2002). Pectin and sucrose are fermented differently in the rumen (NRC, 2001), which may impact forage intake, diet digestibility, energy utilization, and animal performance.
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of supplement type and feeding frequency on performance, plasma metabolites, and hormones associated with energy intake, and voluntary forage intake of yearling steers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the University of Florida - IF AS, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, during the months of November and December 2004. The animals utilized in this experiment were cared for by acceptable practices as outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (PASS, 1999).
Animak and Diets
Twenty-four Brahman x British crossbred steers (BW ± SD = 257 ± 26 kg; age ± SD = 12 ± 1 mo) were utilized in this experiment. Steers were stratified by initial BW and randomly allocated to 12 pens (2 steers/pen). Pens were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments (4 pens/treatment): 1) molasses-based supplement fed 3 times/wk (ML), 2) citrus pulp-based supplement fed 3 times/wk (C3), or 3) citrus pulp-based supplement fed daily (C7). Supplement intakes were formulated to be isocaloric, isonitrogenous, and balanced for Ca concentration (Table 1), given the high concentration of Ca in citrus pulp. Limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) hay (54% TDN and 9.1% CP; DM basis) was coarsely ground and offered at amounts to ensure ad libitum intake throughout the study. Steers also had free access to a complete commercial mineral-vitamin mix (14% Ca, 9% P, 24% NaCl, 0.20% K, 0.30% Mg, 0.20% S, 0.005% Co, 0.15% Cu, 0.02% I, 0.05% Mn, 0.004% Se, 0.3% Zn, 0.08% F, and 82 IU/g of vitamin A) and water.
Sampling
One week before the start and at the end of the study, steers were weighed for 2 consecutive days to determine both full and shrunk BW (after 16 h of feed restriction). Only shrunk BW values were utilized to calculate steer BW gain.
During the first 3 weeks of the study (d 1 to 21), blood samples were collected immediately prior and 4, 8, 24, 32, and 48 h after the first supplement feeding of the week (d 1, 8, and 15) for determination of glucose, BUN, insulin, IGF-I, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations.
For the second part of the study (d 22 to 40), forage DMI was recorded daily. Hay was offered in amounts to ensure ad libitum intake, and orts were collected and weighed daily. During this period, samples of the offered hay were collected twice (d 25 and 35) for determination of DM and nutrient composition, whereas samples of the non-consumed hay were collected daily from each pen to determine DM content. Hay samples were dried for 96 h at 50°C in forced-air ovens. A random sample of each feedstuff used in the study was collected at the beginning of the trial and analyzed for nutrient composition at commercial laboratories (Dairy One Forage Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, for hay, cottonseed meal, and citrus pulp samples; SDK Laboratories, Hutchinson, KS, for molasses samples).
by Cooke, R F, Arthington, J D, Staples, C R, Qiu, X
Refer:
Decreased in vitro fluoroquinolone concentrations after admixture with an enteral feeding formulation
The purpose of this study was to determine if mixing of fluoroquinolones with a common enteral feeding formulation, Ensure (Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH), would alter the measured in vitro quinolone concentrations over a 24-hour period. Methods: Tablets of ciprofloxacin (500 mg), levofloxacin (500 mg), and ofloxacin (300 mg) were crushed and mixed with 240 mL of Ensure, water and calcium chloride (500 mg(L), water and magnesium chloride (200 mg/L), water and calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, and water alone. Fluoroquinolone concentrations of the mixtures were measured, via high-performance liquid chromatography, at baseline and serially over 24 hours. Experiments were performed in duplicate, at three temperatures (5 deg C, 25 deg C, and 37 deg C).
Results: Average decreases of 82.5% +/- 1.5% for ciprofloxacin, 61.3% +/- 5.2% for levofloxacin, and 45.7% +/- 10.1% for ofloxacin (mean +/- 95% CI) were observed in vitro for Ensure over the two experimental sets at baseline. Serial analysis revealed no further significant change in any of the quinolone concentrations over the remaining 24-hour period. No significant decrease was noted with the quinolones when mixed in water and calcium, water and magnesium, water and calcium and magnesium, or water alone. This phenomenon appears to be unaffected by time and temperature. Conclusions: These data suggest there is an immediate and significant loss of fluoroquinolone when mixed with Ensure. An explanation for the loss of fluoroquinolone remains unclear. (journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 24:42-48, 2000)
The use of enteral feeding formulations has increased in both the acute and long-term care settings. According to the revised American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Critical Care Practice Guidelines, enteral feeding is the nutrition intervention of choice.1 Additionally, commercially available enteral feeding formulations Ge, Ensure; Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH) are becoming more frequently accessible for use on an ambulatory or outpatient basis. Direct consumer marketing of these products to the elderly population via print and television media encourages the outpatient use of enteral feeding formulations.
Oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics are particularly useful in home health care and long-term care settings. Characterized by favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, relatively few adverse drug reactions, and potent broad-spectrum activity, the quinolones remain one of the few oral anti-infective agents with activity against rapidly emerging multi-drug resistant pathogens.2 The difficulties of administering parenteral antibiotics on an outpatient basis along with economic pressure to switch to a more cost-effective oral agent for outpatient administration has increased fluoroquinolone use in these setting.3,4 Many of these patients, however, still have sufficient comorbidities to necessitate enteral feeding.
Because of the lack of commercial liquid antibiotic preparation and difficulty in dosing antibiotics around enteral feeding times, patients requiring continous enteral feedings have had flouroquinolone tablets crushed and mixed in their feedings.5 Additionally, ambulatory patients "washing down" fluoroquinolone tablets with Ensure or consuming both products within close proximity of one another on an outpatient basis is not an unrealistic scenario.
Recent in vivo research suggests a significant reduction in the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and ofloxain when delivered with enteral feedings.4,6-9 Mueller and colleagues4 observed reduced relative bioavailabilities of ciprofloxacin (72% +/- 14%) and ofloxacin (90% +/- 8%) when coadministered with Ensure. Problems also have been reported between fluoroquinolone antibiotics and food,10-18 vitamins with iron,19-21 antacids,22-27 and sucralfate.28-30 The formation of nonabsorbable chelates with divalent cations at the 4-keto- and 3-carboxyl-groups of the quinolones has been suggested as the mechanism responsible for the reduced quinolone absorption.25,29-34 This has been demonstrated as clinically relevant, as treatment failures have been reported in the literature.5,35
In preliminary experimental work, we noted a decrease in levofloxacin concentrations when combined in vitro with Ensure. The diminished concentration was noticed immediately upon dissolution of the fluoroquinolone tablet in the Ensure matrix and did not appear to be temperature- or time-dependent (unpublished data).
In this study, we attempted to expand upon our initial findings. Our primary objective was to determine the percent loss of three commercially available fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin) when combined with a common enteral feeding formulation in vitro. To more accurately characterize the nature of this interaction, we examined the effects of time and temperature. Secondarily, because chelation interactions with divalent cations25,29-34 are the proposed mechanism for this interaction, we attempted to differentiate the effects of calcium and magnesium contained in Ensure in a similar fashion.
Refer: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3762/is_200001/ai_n8896431
by Wright, David H, Pietz, Sarah L, Knostantinides, Frank N, Rotschafer, John C
Phase Feeding Strategies To Meet Metabolizable Amino Acid Requirements of Calf-Fed Holstein Steers
One hundred eight Holstein steer calves (114 ± 8 kg) were used to evaluate effects of phase feeding metabolizable amino acids (MAA) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Three feeding strategies wae evaluated: 1) control, single-phase feeding (steers were fed a single urea-based growing-finishing diet that meets the average MAA requirements for the overall feeding period); 2) 2-phase feeding (steers were fed a diet formulated to meet the average MAA requirements for the first 112 d on feed, and thereafter finished on the control urea-based diet); and 3) 3-phase feeding (2 diets were formulated to meet average MAA requirements during the first and second 56-d feedlot feeding periods, and thereafter cattle were finished on the control urea-based diet). Two-phase feeding and 3-phase feeding management strategies produced similar (P > 0.20) growth performance. Multiple-phase feeding increased ADG (18%, P 0.20) on growth performance; however, multiple-phase feeding increased overall (351-d) ADG (6.3%, P 0.20) of 3-phase vs. 2-phase feeding strategies on carcass characteristics. Multiple-phase feeding increased hot carcass weight.
Key words: amino acid, cattle, feedlot, Holstein, phase feeding
In southwestern feedlots, Holstein calves are typically fed a single steam-flaked, corn-based diet throughout the entire growing-finishing period. This diet usually contains between 12 and 13 % CP, with urea as the sole source of supplemental N (Zinn et al., 2005). Although this diet meets the theoretical (NRC, 2000; Level 1) metabolizable amino acid (MAA) requirements across the overall (roughly 350-d) feedlot feeding period, it does not meet MAA requirements of calves during the initial growing phase (112 to 140 d; Zinn and Shen, 1998). Based on amino acid supply to the intestine as a percentage of requirements, Zinn et al. (2000) observed that MAA intake limited growth performance of Holstein steers during the first 112 d in the feedlot. There are no published reports in the scientific literature evaluating phase-feeding protein to calf-fed Holstein steers. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the practicality of 2- and 3-phase feeding strategies to meet MAA requirements on growth performance and carcass characteristics of calf-fed Holstein steers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred eight Holstein steer calves (114 ± 8 kg) were used to evaluate effects of phase feeding MAA on growth performance. Calves originated from Tulare, California, and were shipped to the University of California Desert Research Center, El Centro. Upon arrival, calves were vaccinated for bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza^sub 3^ (TSV-2, SmithKline Beecham, West Chester, PA), clostridials (Fortress 8, SmithKline Beecham, West Chester, PA), and Pasteurella haemolytica (One Shot, SmithKline Beecham), were treated for parasites (Dectomax Injectable, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY), and injected with 500,000 IU vitamin A (Vita-jec A&D "500", RXV Products, Porterville, CA). Steers were blocked by weight and allotted randomly within weight blocks to 18 pens (6 steers/ pen). Three MAA feeding strategies were evaluated: 1) control, singlephase feeding - steers were fed a single urea-based growing finishing diet formulated to meet the average MAA requirements for the overall feeding period - a standard Holstein feeding practice for Southwestern feedlots; 2) 2-phase feeding - steers were fed a diet formulated to meet the average of MAA requirements for the first 112 d on feed, and thereafter finished on the control urea-based diet, and 3) 3-phase feeding - 2 diets were formulated to meet average MAA requirements during the first and second 56-d feedlot feeding periods, respectively, and thereafter cattle were finished on the control urea-based diet. Composition of experimental diets is shown in Table 1. Control and phase-feeding diets were formulated to meet MAA requirements based on expected (NRC, 2000; Level 1) average animal BW and a 1.5 kg ADG. Steers were allowed ad libitum access to dietary treatments with fresh feed added twice daily. Steers were implanted with Synovex-C (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) upon arrival, Synovex-S (Fort Dodge Animal Health) on d 84, and Synovex-Plus (Fort Dodge Animal Health) on d 168 and 252. Cattle were shipped for slaughter when pen blocks reached an estimated final shrunk BW of 572 kg. Hot carcass weights (HCW) were obtained from all steers at time of slaughter. After carcasses were chilled for 48 h the following measurements were obtained: 1) LM area, taken by direct grid reading of the muscle at the 12th rib; 2) subcutaneous fat over the ribeye muscle at the 12th rib taken at a location three-fourths the lateral length from the chine bone end; 3) KPH, as a percentage of HCW; and 4) marbling score (USDA, 1997). Energy gain (EG, Mcal/d) was calculated by the equation: EG = ADG^sup 1.097^ × 0.0557 × W^sup 0.75^ (NRC, 1984). Maintenance energy (EM) was calculated by the equation: EM = 0.084 × W^sup 0.75^. From the derived estimates of energy required for maintenance and gain, the NE^sub m^ and NE^sub g^ values of the diet were obtained by means of the quadratic formula: x = (-b ± [radical]b^sup 2^ - 4ac)/2c, where a = -0.41 × EM, b = 0.877 × EM + 0.41 × DMI + EG, and c = -0.877 × DMI, and NE^sub g^ = 0.877 × NE^sub m^ - 0.41 (Zinn and Shen, 1998). For calculating steer performance, BW were reduced 4% to account for digestive tract fill. Final BW was adjusted for carcass weight by dividing carcass weights by the average dressing percent. Growth performance and carcass composition data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (Hicks, 1973) using pens as the experimental unit. Treatment effects were tested using orthogonal contrast: single-phase vs. 2 - and 3-phase strategies; and 2-phase vs. 3-phase strategies. All animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of California Animal Care and Use Committee.
Refer: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4035/is_200708/ai_n19511548
by Zinn, R A, Calderón, J F, Corona, L, Plascencia, A, Et al
Thursday, January 24, 2008
Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) on Growth Performance, Abdominal Visceral Fat, Cholesterol and White Blood Cells in Broilers
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to determine the effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) on growth performance, abdominal visceral fat, cholesterol and white blood cells in broilers. A total of 160 one-day old chicks (80 male and 80 female) were divided into 4 treatment groups of 4 replications (5 chicks per cage). Using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), chicks were fed diets containing dried bitter melon at levels of 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5%, respectively, in ad libium. Experimental diets were fed at two phases with 21 and 19 % protein, respectively, and metabolisable energy (Me) at 3,150 kcal/kg (NRC; 1995). Drinking water was provided at all time. Animal were fed for 42 days with 8 broilers per group slaughtered to study abdominal visceral fat.
Results showed that female animal fed 5% dried bitter melon had lower cholesterol level than the other treatment groups at a highly significant difference (P<0.01).>0.05). Although the results were not significant for broilers fed dried bitter melon but abdominal visceral fat percentage tended to decrease by 5% and for broilers fed 0.5% dried bitter melon, growth performance was much better than the other groups.
In conclusion, cholesterol level in blood of broilers fed 5% dried bitter melon was much lower than those of the other groups.
Sunday, January 20, 2008
Livestock Feed Formulation Programme
Phongphichan Sukhontanit 1/ Narin Thongwittaya 1/ Weerasak Prokati 2/ Domkerng Chamnanca 3/
Abstract
Livestock Feed Formulation Programme has been developed to calculate feed formula for livestocks at the lowest feed cost by allowing farmers to select local but good quality raw feed materials to allow animals to receive complete nutrient requirement as needed and farmers to be able to apply the programme by themselves.
This program used Microsoft Visual Basic.NET for development and Microsoft Access as database with Microsoft Windows XP as an operating system. The feed formulation itself employed the technique of linear programming model and also during modification of raw materials.
Effects of Used Oil in Broiler Diets on Productive Performance
Phongphichan Sukhonthanit and Narin Thongwittaya 1/
Abstract
A study on using used oil in broiler diets was performances to evaluate the productive performance. Used oil was incorporated into six experimental diets at levels of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% (23% and 20% CP and 3.00 and 3.10 Mcal ME/kg for 0 – 3 and 3 – 5 weeks of age respectively). Arbor Acres commercial chicks (150 birds, from 0 – 5 weeks of age) were in individual cages. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The experimental treatments were subjected to Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment means were compared using Duncan’s New Multiple Range test.The results showed that feed intake of chick fed used oil at 6 % higher than control group (2,131.08 and 1,976.21 g/b) (P <> 0.05). It was suggested that can be use the used oil in broiler diet at 6 %.
1/ Department of Animal Technology, Maejo University.
